Lighting systems for general illumination and disinfection

ABSTRACT

Lighting systems combine UV-A and white light with an adjustable CCT value so that any adverse effects from the the UV-A radiation are mitigated—that is, tunable adjustments to the output of the non-UV LEDs, or to all of the LEDs, result in an overall mixed output conforming to a target CCT value.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 16/750,031, filed onJan. 23, 2020, which is itself a continuation of U.S. Ser. No.16/425,083, filed on May 29, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,582,586, whichclaimed priority to U.S. Serial Nos. 62/811,551 (filed Feb. 28, 2019)and 62/677,405 (filed May 29, 2018). The entire disclosures of all ofthe foregoing documents are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to lighting systems, and invarious embodiments to systems for providing mixed light forillumination and disinfection purposes.

BACKGROUND

It is known that certain wavelength ranges of light, particularlyultraviolet (UV) light, are germicidal—i.e., capable of killing orinactivating pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, rendering themincapable of causing disease. Illumination devices emitting germicidallight are frequently used to decontaminate medical tools andenvironmental surfaces. UV radiation is dangerous to humans, and somewavelength bands are more dangerous than others. As a result, broadbandgermicidal UV applications are typically deployed in oven-like devicesthat receive items to be decontaminated and are closed when theradiation is activated, thereby shielding personnel from harm. Althoughautomated UV-based room-decontamination systems have been developed,these generally are not used when people are present. See, e.g.,Livingston et al., “Efficacy of an ultraviolet-A lighting system forcontinuous decontamination of health care-associated pathogens onsurfaces,” Am. J. Infection Control, 48:337-339 (2020). Unfortunately,recontamination can occur quickly following device operation once peoplereturn and resume their activities.

The most effective germicidal wavelength band, UV-C (100-280 nm), isalso the most dangerous to humans. The UV-A band (315-400 nm), on theother hand, can be safe for use in limited doses when people arepresent, and is known to have antimicrobial activity. Accordingly, it ispossible to safely integrate UV-A lighting with general illumination,but the lighting sources used for these different wavelength ranges aredifferent. Their outputs must be combined in a manner that preserves thequality of ambient light for affected personnel while ensuring safety.

SUMMARY

An increasing number of light fixtures utilize LEDs as light sources dueto their lower energy consumption, smaller size, improved robustness,and longer operational lifetime relative to conventional filament-basedlight sources. Conventional LEDs emit light at a particular wavelength,ranging from, for example, red to UV light. However, for purposes ofgeneral illumination, the monochromatic emitted light by LEDs must beconverted to broad-spectrum white light.

Embodiments of the present invention combine UV-A and white light withan adjustable CCT value so that any adverse effects from the the UV-Aradiation are mitigated—that is, tunable adjustments to the output ofthe non-UV LEDs, or to all of the LEDs, result in an overall mixedoutput conforming to a target CCT value. In one embodiment, the LEDillumination device employs an LED array having multiple LEDs that canbe controlled individually or in a group to generate white light havinga tunable CCT value within a range. Optionally, each of the LEDs may bedisposed within a “cup-shaped” (e.g., parabolic) reflector for reducing“crosstalk” interactions between the light emitted from an LED and thephoto-luminescent material(s) disposed above a neighboring LED. Inaddition, the reflector may be made of a high-reflectivity material soas to redirect upward light from the respective LED, thereby achievingat least partial collimation of the beam.

In various embodiments, the LEDs and/or photo-luminescent material(s)are encapsulated within a waveguide material made of, e.g., silicone.Light emitted from the LEDs, including unconverted light and lightconverted by the photo-luminescent material(s), can be mixed in a mixingregion inside the waveguide and then directed to an output region foroutputting white light for illumination. The illumination device mayalso include control circuitry for varying a parameter (e.g., theamplitude and/or duty cycle of the applied current or voltage)associated with each LED (or, in some embodiments, each group of theLEDs), thereby adjusting the CCT value of the mixed light to a targetvalue.

Accordingly, in one aspect, the invention relates to a lighting deviceproducing white light having a target CCT value and UV-A radiation. Invarious embodiments, the device comprises a plurality of red LEDsemitting red light having a wavelength between approximately 600 nm andapproximately 670 nm, a plurality of blue LEDs emitting blue lighthaving a wavelength between approximately 440 nm and approximately 485nm, and a plurality of UV-A LEDs emitting UV radiation having awavelength between approximately 315 nm and approximately 420; at leastone photo-luminescent material for shifting a CCT value of at least oneof (a) the red LEDs, (b) the blue LEDs or (c) the UV-A LEDs; and awaveguide material having (i) a mixing region for mixing the shifted andany unshifted light so as to generate white light having the target CCTvalue and (ii) an output region for outputting the white light. The redLEDs may have an emission peak at 630 nm, the blue LEDs have an emissionpeak at 450 nm, and the UV-A LEDs have an emission peak at 395 nm.

In some embodiments, the device also includes control circuitry foradjusting a parameter associated with at least one of the red LEDs, theblue LEDs or the UV-A LEDs so as to change the target CCT value of thegenerated white light. For example, the parameter may comprise at leastone of an amplitude or a duty cycle of a current or a voltage associatedwith the red LEDs, the blue LEDs and/or the UV-A LEDs.

The control circuitry may be configured to adjust the parameter of eachred LED, blue LED and UV-A LED to maintain the target CCT value whilechanging the intensity of the UV-A light. In some embodiments, the LEDscomprises a first group of the red LEDs and the UV-A LEDs electricallycoupled to one another, a second group of the blue LEDs and the UV-ALEDs electrically coupled to one another, and a third group of the UV-ALEDs electrically coupled to one another; the control circuitry may beconfigured to adjust each of the groups individually. The UV-A LEDs inthe third group may emit light at a wavelength having a lowerinteraction with the photo-luminescent material than the wavelengthsemitted by the UV-A LEDs in the first group or the UV-A LEDs in thesecond group. Alternatively or in addition, the UV-A LEDs in the firstgroup may emit light at a wavelength having a higher interaction withthe photo-luminescent material than the UV-A LEDs in the second group.The photo-luminescent material may comprise at least one of a phosphor,a quantum dot material or a fluorescent dye.

In some embodiments, the lighting device further comprises a pluralityof cup-shaped reflectors for at least partial collimation of lightemitted from the LEDs, wherein each reflector has a top aperture and abottom aperture and the bottom aperture has one of the LEDs disposedtherein. At least one of the reflectors may be a parabolic reflector,and the respective LED disposed therein may be located at or near thefocus of the parabolic reflector. The reflectors may comprise or consistessentially of silicone.

The lighting device may include an encapsulant material filled in acavity space above one of the plurality of LEDs and surrounded by therespective reflector. In some embodiments, the lighting device furthercomprises a circuit board for mounting the LEDs thereon, and if desired,the lighting device may include a heat-dissipation structure thermallycoupled to the circuit board for dissipating heat generated by theplurality of LEDs. In some embodiments, the lighting device furthercomprises at least one reflector located in the mixing region of thewaveguide for promoting mixing of light. The waveguide material maycomprise or consist essentially of silicone. The waveguide material mayencapsulate at least one LED.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a lighting systemcomprising, in various embodiments, the lighting system includes aplurality of devices for producing white light having a target CCT valueand UV-A radiation. Each of the devices may comprise a plurality of LEDsemitting visible light and a plurality of UV-A LEDs emitting UVradiation having a wavelength between approximately 315 nm andapproximately 420; at least one photo-luminescent material for shiftinga CCT value of at least some of the LEDs; a waveguide material having(i) a mixing region for mixing the shifted and any unshifted light and(ii) an output region for outputting the light; and a controllerconfigured to operate the plurality of devices in (a) a normal mode,powering the LEDs, so as to generate white light having the target CCTvalue while emitting UV-A light or (b) in a boost mode, powering fewerthan all of the LEDs emitting visible light and powering at least amajority of the UV-A LEDs at high intensity. In the normal mode, theUV-A light may have an intensity that is safe for human exposure and inthe boost boost mode the intensity may exceed the intensity that is safefor human exposure. In the the boost mode, LEDs emitting red light maybe operated to indicate a risk of harmful radiation. The plurality ofLEDs emitting visible light may comprise (i) a plurality of red LEDsemitting red light having a wavelength between approximately 600 nm andapproximately 670 nm and (ii) a plurality of blue LEDs emitting bluelight having a wavelength between approximately 440 nm and approximately485 nm.

The term “color” is used herein to denote the monochromatic or peakwavelength (or wavelengths) of light emitted by one or more LEDs. Inaddition, the term “uniform,” as used herein, refers to a lightintensity distribution whose lower and upper intensity limits are withina factor of four, preferably within a factor of two of each other. Asused herein, the terms “approximately,” “roughly,” and “substantially”mean±10%, and in some embodiments, ±5%. Reference throughout thisspecification to “one example,” “an example,” “one embodiment,” or “anembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic described in connection with the example is included inat least one example of the present technology. Thus, the occurrences ofthe phrases “in one example,” “in an example,” “one embodiment,” or “anembodiment” in various places throughout this specification are notnecessarily all referring to the same example. Furthermore, theparticular features, structures, routines, steps, or characteristics maybe combined in any suitable manner in one or more examples of thetechnology. The headings provided herein are for convenience only andare not intended to limit or interpret the scope or meaning of theclaimed technology.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the sameparts throughout the different views. Also, the drawings are notnecessarily to scale, with an emphasis instead generally being placedupon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the followingdescription, various embodiments of the present invention are describedwith reference to the following drawings, in which:

FIGS. 1A and 1B depict a top view and a bottom view, respectively, of anexample illumination system in accordance with various embodiments;

FIGS. 1C and 1D depict exemplary configurations of the LEDs in anillumination system in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 2A schematically depicts an exemplary three-dimensionalconfiguration of an illumination system in accordance with variousembodiments;

FIG. 2B depicts a spatial arrangement of LEDs and associated conversionlayers for converting the wavelength of at least a portion of the LEDlight in accordance with various embodiments;

FIGS. 2C and 2D depict LED arrays including various combinations ofdifferent types of LEDs in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 2E depicts a conversion layer including multiple regions inaccordance with various embodiments;

FIGS. 3A and 3B depict an implementation of reflectors surrounding theLEDs in an illumination system in accordance with various embodiments;

FIGS. 4A and 4B depict exemplary color coordinates of the light emittedfrom a warm white LED, a cool white LED, and a red LED in the CIE 1931color space in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 4C depicts shifts of color coordinates in the color space resultingfrom a waveguide/encapsulant material and one or more photo-luminescentmaterials in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 4D depicts a green region and a yellow region in the CIE 1931 colorspace in accordance with various embodiments; and

FIG. 4E depicts adjustments of the CCT value along the Black Body Curve(BBC) in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 5A depicts an exemplary LED configuration including groups of red,blue, and UV-A LEDs combined in series.

FIG. 5B depicts an exemplary LED configuration including groups of redand blue LEDs in one series and an adjacent series of UV-A LEDs.

FIG. 5C depicts an exemplary LED configuration including red and blueLEDs and two types of UV-A LEDs.

FIGS. 6 and 7 graphically depict excitation and emission spectra forphoto-luminescent materials useful in connection with embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 8 depicts a representative angular UV-A light distribution from aluminaire based on an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates the UV-A distribution over a room-size space of anarray of luminaires as shown in FIG. 8.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1A conceptually illustrates an exemplary illumination system 100including one or more strip lighting devices 102 in accordance herewith;each strip 102 has an array of multiple LEDs 104 mounted to a circuitboard 106 (e.g., printed circuit board, PCB). Each of the LED groups 104may include one or more LED dies for emitting light with the same ordifferent characteristics (e.g., colors, powers and/or CCT values). TheLEDs 104 may be electrically coupled, via the circuit board 106, toconnectors 108 mounted on each end of the circuit board 106. Theconnectors 108 may then electrically couple the LEDs 104 to an externaldevice 110 (e.g., another lighting device, a dimming device, a powersupply, an “Internet of things” (IoT) device, or a combination thereof)such that the LEDs 104 may receive power from the external device 110via the connectors 108 and emit light.

In some embodiments, the LEDs 104 are electrically coupled to controlcircuitry 112 in the strip lighting device(s) 102. The control circuitry112 may be configured to control operation of the LEDs 104 (e.g., byregulating the amplitude and/or duty cycle of the current and/or voltageapplied to the LEDs 104), thereby regulating a characteristic (e.g.,intensity or brightness) of the light emitted from the LEDs 104. Forexample, the control circuitry 112 may adjust the brightness ofindividual LEDs using pulse width modulation (PWM). For example, thecontrol circuitry 112 may rapidly turn individual LEDs on and off at ahigh frequency that is imperceptible to humans. In this example, thebrightness of the individual LEDs 104 may be changed by adjusting theratio of on-time to off-time within a particular cycle (sometimesreferred to as a “duty cycle”). The higher the ratio of on-time tooff-time, the brighter the LED. Conversely, lowering the ratio ofon-time to off-time dims the LED. Thus, the duty cycle may positivelycorrelate to the average flux of the LED being controlled. The controlcircuitry 112 may vary the ratio of on-time to off-time based on controlsignals received from the external device 110 via the connectors 108. Inone embodiment, the control circuitry 112 is implemented in circuitrythat is external to the illumination system 100. For example, circuitryin the external device 100 may be configured to regulate the currentand/or voltage applied to the LEDs 104, thereby directly controllingoperations thereof. In this case, the control circuitry 112 may beomitted from the illumination system 100 altogether.

Generally, the LEDs 104, control circuitry 112, and/or the connectors108 are all mounted to the circuit board 106. For example, the circuitboard 106 may include one or more conductors to electrically couple thecomponents mounted thereto. In addition, the circuit board 106 may beflexible to enable the illumination system 100 to conform to unevensurfaces. Referring to FIG. 1B, in some embodiments, the bottom surfaceof the circuit board 106 is connected to a heat dissipation structure120 (e.g., a conventional heat sink) for dissipating heat generated bythe LEDs 104.

The strip lighting device(s) 102 in the illumination system 100 may haveparticular dimensions to enable a wide range of applications. Forexample, the lighting devices 102 may have a depth of no more thanapproximately 1 inch, a length of no more than approximately 25 inches,and a width of no more than approximately 4 inches. It should beappreciated that the strip lighting devices 102 may be constructed withother dimensions, and may be two-dimensional arrays of LED groups ratherthan one-dimensional strips.

In various embodiments, the LEDs 104 are separated by a distance (e.g.,25 millimeters (mm) or 3 mm). In addition, each of the LEDs 104 may beconfigured to emit light with the same or different characteristic(e.g., wavelength, CCT value, etc.). In one embodiment, the striplighting devices 102 include one or more groups of LEDs, each groupincluding at least one red LED 104-1 having a wavelength betweenapproximately 600 nm and approximately 670 nm, one “warm” white LED104-2 emitting white light having a CCT value between approximately1800K and approximately 2700K, and one “cool” white LED 104-3 emittingwhite light having a CCT value between approximately 3000K andapproximately 6500K. The group of LEDs 104-1, 104-2, 104-3 may bealigned consecutively on the same strip lighting device 102 (as depictedin FIG. 1A) or in any suitable configurations for generating white lightwith an adjustable characteristic (e.g., a CCT value) as furtherdescribed below. For example, referring to FIG. 1C, the group of LEDs104-1, 104-2, 104-3 may be disposed on the same column on consecutivestrips 102 abutting one another. Alternatively, referring to FIG. 1D,the two white LEDs 104-2, 104-3 may be disposed next to each other onthe same strip 102 while the red LED 104-1 may be disposed next to oneof the white LEDs 104-2, 104-3 but on a different strip.

The LEDs 104 may be operated individually or in a grouped manner. Forexample, each LED may be independently coupled to the control circuitry112 such that the control circuitry 112 can separately controlindividual LEDs. Alternatively, some of the LEDs 104 may be wiredtogether to allow the control circuitry 112 to control them as a singleunit; different groups may or may not share one or more LEDs 104. Forexample, as described above, the illumination device 100 may includemultiple groups of LEDs, each group including at least one red LED104-1, one warm white LED 104-2, and one cool white LED 104-3. In oneembodiment, the LEDs 104-1, 104-2, 104-3 in each group are electricallycoupled such that the control circuitry 112 can control the LEDs 104-1,104-2, 104-3 equivalently. In another embodiment, the red LEDs 104-1 inat least some groups are electrically coupled together; this allows thecontrol circuitry 112 to control equivalently all red LEDs 104-1 thatare electrically coupled. Similarly, the warm white LEDs 104-2 in atleast some groups may be electrically coupled together, and the coolwhite LEDs 104-3 in at least some groups are electrically coupledtogether. This way, the groups of warm white LEDs 104-2 and cool whiteLEDs 104-3 may be separately controlled by the control circuitry 112 ina group manner.

Referring to FIG. 2A, in some embodiments, light emitted from the LEDs104 travels through the space of a surrounding cavity 202 and isincident upon one or more conversion layers 204 that include one or morephoto-luminescent materials (e.g., phosphors, quantum dot materials,etc.) for converting the LED light. The conversion layer(s) 204 absorbsat least some of the light emitted from the LEDs 104 and re-emits atleast some of the absorbed light in a spectrum containing one or morewavelengths that are different from the absorbed light. In variousembodiments, the photo-luminescent material(s) contained in theconversion layer(s) 204 is chosen based at least in part on thewaveguide material. This is because the waveguide material may cause alarger portion of the blue light from the white LEDs 104-2, 104-3 to beextracted; this may result in a shift of the CCT value of light emittedfrom the white LEDs 104-2, 104-3 toward a higher CCT value (i.e., coolerwhite light). In one embodiment, the photo-luminescent material(s) onthe conversion layer(s) 204 is chosen such that the wavelength shiftthereby can at least partially counteract the shift resulting from thewaveguide material as further described below. For example, the same ordifferent photo-luminescent materials (e.g., phosphor QMK58/F-U2) may beapplied to shift the CCT value of the light emitted from the cool whiteLED 104-3 toward a green CCT value and/or or to shift the CCT value ofthe light emitted from the warm white LED 104-2 toward a yellow CCTvalue.

In one embodiment, the conversion layer(s) 204 is constructed from afoil that includes a composition of photo-luminescent materials. Forexample, the foil may be premade using a conventional substrate material(e.g., one or more layers of polymer such as PET) and a binder material(such as silicone); the composition of photo-luminescent materials isthen disposed on the substrate surface. Referring to FIG. 2B, whenmultiple conversion layers 204 are used, the foils including differentcompositions of photo-luminescent materials may be placed on top of eachother with or without a gap therebetween. In one embodiment, one or morelayers made of polymer can be implemented to separate the conversionlayers. In addition, a second layer made of the substrate material maybe applied to the conversion layer(s) 204 so as to cover thephoto-luminescent materials thereon. In some embodiments, the foil inthe conversion layer(s) 204 includes one or more quantum dot materials.In addition, the foil may include a quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF)made by 3M Inc. or Nanoco Technology Ltd. to provide a geometry fordeploying the quantum dot materials.

As described above, the conversion layer(s) 204 may absorb at least someof the light emitted from the LEDs 104 and re-emit (or converts) atleast some of the absorbed light in a spectrum containing one or morewavelengths that are different from (typically longer than) the lightemitted by the LEDs 104. The wavelength of the converted light maydepend on the composition ratio of the photo-luminescent materials, thecharacteristics associated with each photo-luminescent material, and thewavelength of the light emitted from LEDs 104. The LEDs may include amonochrome LED with a narrow band spectrum (e.g., a red LED having awavelength between approximately 600 nm and approximately 670 nm, a blueLED having a wavelength between approximately 400 nm and approximately530 nm, and/or an UV LED having a wavelength between approximately 100nm and approximately 400 nm) and/or a phosphor-converted LED with awider band spectrum (e.g., the warm white LED 104-2 and/or cool whiteLED 104-3). The converted and unconverted light may then be mixed in thewaveguide material to generate light having a target characteristic(e.g., color and/or CCT value); the target characteristic may be tunablewithin a range as further described below.

In some embodiments, each group of the LEDs depicted in FIGS. 1A, 1C and1D may include one red LED 104-1 and two blue LEDs 104-2, 104-3 (insteadof one red LED and two white LEDs described above). In addition,referring to FIG. 2C, the conversion layer(s) 204 may be disposed abovethe blue LEDs 104-2, 104-3 only, and not the red LED 104-1. Thephoto-luminescent material(s) may convert at least some of the bluelight emitted from the blue LEDs 104-2, 104-3 to light having a longerwavelength. For example, a (Gd, Y)₃(Al, Ga)₅O₁₂ phosphor may convertblue light to yellow light. The converted light (e.g., yellow light) andunconverted blue light may then be mixed to generate white light. Thus,by choosing the photo-luminescent material(s) and/or adjusting thecomposition thereof, the light emitted from the blue LEDs 104-2, 104-3may be converted to thereby generate warm white light and cool whitelight, respectively. In one embodiment, one or more additionalconversion layers 204 are utilized to shift the CCT value of the lightemitted from the cool white LED 104-3 toward a green CCT value and/or orto shift the CCT value of the light emitted from the warm white LED104-2 toward a yellow CCT value as further described below.

In some embodiments, the LED array includes blue LEDs only. For example,referring to FIG. 2D, light emitted from two of the blue LEDs 104-2,104-3 may be converted to generate warm white light and cool white lightas described above. In addition, the conversion layer(s) 204 havingsuitable photo-luminescent material(s) (e.g., deep-red quantum dots byNanoco Technology Ltd.) may be disposed above the third blue LEDs 104-4so as to convert the light emitted therefrom to red light having a peakwavelength at approximately 650 nm. Again, the light emitted from theLEDs, including both converted and unconverted light, may be mixed togenerate light having a characteristic (e.g., color, CIE chromaticitycoordinates and/or CCT value) that is tunable within a range.

Referring to FIG. 2E, in various embodiments, the conversion layer(s)204 is divided into multiple regions 232-242; each region is eitheruncoated or coated with the same or different photo-luminescentmaterials. For example, regions 232, 234 may be uncoated to allowunconverted blue light from the LED to travel through; regions 236, 238may be coated with the first type of photo-luminescent material suchthat the converted light, after being mixed with the unconverted light,generates cool white light; and regions 240, 242 may be coated with thesecond type of photo-luminescent material such that the converted light,after being mixed with the unconverted light, generates cool whitelight. Thus, by utilizing different types of photo-luminescent materialshaving different characteristics at different locations over the LEDs104, a target spectral power distribution (SPD) of the light may beachieved.

Referring again to FIG. 2B, the light emitted from an LED 104 mayinteract with the photo-luminescent material(s) disposed above aneighboring LED, cause a “crosstalk” interaction, and thereby result inadditional colors. To reduce the crosstalk interaction, referring toFIG. 3A, each LED 104 in the strip lighting device 102 may be surroundedby a “cup-shaped” reflector 302. As shown, each cup-shaped reflector 302typically has a top aperture 304 and a bottom aperture 306; the LED 104is disposed inside of the bottom aperture 306. The shapes of theapertures 304, 306 may be, for example, circular, elliptical,rectangular, square, etc., and may be the same or different from eachother. In one embodiment, the reflectors 302 abut each other such thatthe bottom portions 308 thereof form a continuous surface. Thereflectors 302 may be made of a high reflectivity material, such asMS-2002 silicone from DOWSIL.

In some embodiments, the geometry of the cup-shaped reflectors 302 isconfigured to provide a uniform distribution of the light intensity at aspecific distance, D, above the LED 104 where the conversion layer(s)204 is typically disposed. In one embodiment, the reflector 302 is aparabolic reflector (i.e., a reflecting optic whose reflective surfaceforms a truncated paraboloid), and the LED 104 is placed at or near thefocus of the paraboloid. Thus, a light beam emitted from the LED 104onto the reflector 302 may be redirected upward for at least partialcollimation of the beam.

Referring to FIG. 3B, in various embodiments, an encapsulant material ispotted over the LED 104 within a cavity space 310 created by thereflector 302 to at least partially encapsulate the LED 104. In oneembodiment, the height of the encapsulant material above the LED 104approximately corresponds to the specific distance D described above,thus the light intensity on the top surface 312 of the cavity space 310may be uniformly distributed without having any visible high intensityspots thereon. The encapsulant material may include, consist of, orconsist essentially of a clear material such as silicon. Alternatively,the encapsulant material may form a cover having a convex or domed shapeon top of the reflector aperture 304; the cavity space 310 can be filledwith gas or instead can be under vacuum. In addition, one or moreconversion layers 204 including one or more types of photo-luminescentmaterials (e.g., phosphors, quantum dot materials, etc.) may be coatedinside and/or outside the top surface 312 of the encapsulant material toconvert the light emitted from the LEDs 104 as described above. In someembodiments, the cavity space 310 is at least partly filled by theencapsulant material that includes a composition of thephoto-luminescent material(s) and waveguide material so as to allow thephoto-luminescent material(s) to be embedded in the waveguide material.

Referring again to FIG. 2A, in one embodiment, the cavity 202 formedbetween the circuit board 106 and the conversion layer(s) 204 is filledwith a waveguide material (e.g., silicone) such that the waveguidematerial is in direct contact with the top surface of the circuit board106 and the conversion layer(s) 204. In addition, one or more reflectors210-214 may be disposed on the top, bottom and/or side surfaces of thewaveguide, respectively, such that the light emitted from the LEDs 104,including both unconverted and converted light by the conversionlayer(s) 204, can be mixed inside a mixing region 216 of the waveguide;the mixed light then propagates to an output region 218 of the waveguidefor outputting the light. In addition, a reflector 219 may be disposedon the top surface of the circuit board 106. In one embodiment, at leastone of the reflectors 210-214, 219 is made of a high-reflectivitysilicone (e.g., CI2001 from DOWSIL). Alternatively, a high-reflectivityfoil may be used as one or more of the reflectors 210-214, 219. Itshould be noted that although FIG. 2A depicts the LEDs 104 andconversion layer(s) 206 disposed on one side 220 of the waveguide only,they may be disposed on another side 222 with the similar spatialarrangement. In addition, the location of the output region 218 may beanywhere on the waveguide and is not limited to the top surface of thewaveguide as depicted in FIG. 2A.

In one implementation, the entire circuit board 106 is encapsulatedinside the waveguide; the illumination system 100 may include aheat-conducting path connecting the bottom surface of the circuit board106 to an outer surface of the waveguide for dissipating heat generatingby the LEDs 104. In one embodiment, the heat-conducting path is formedby using a heat conductive material as a part of the waveguide materialand disposing the circuit board 106 to be in directly contact with thewaveguide.

As discussed above, the LEDs 104 mounted on the circuit board 106 may becontrolled individually or in a group manner to generate light having atunable CCT value within a range. The particular range in which the CCTvalue can be varied may depend on the configurations of the LEDs, suchas the particular combination of the LEDs. FIG. 4A depicts exemplarycolor coordinates 402, 404, 406 of the warm white LED 104-2, cool whiteLED 104-3, and red LED 104-1, respectively, in the CIE 1931 color spacein accordance with various embodiments. As shown, the color coordinates402, 404, 406 form vertices of a triangular region 408; thus, the colorcoordinates of light produced by such a combination of LEDs 104-1,104-2, 104-3 can be tuned within the triangular region 408. FIG. 4Bdepicts an enlarged view of a region of the triangular region 408. Asshown, the CCT value of the light generated by the red LED, warm whiteLED and cool white LED can be tuned along the Black Body Curve 410 witha deviation of less than 3.0 SDCM (MacAdam's ellipse). Further detailsabout combining various LEDs to generate white light having a tunableCCT value are provided, for example, in International Application No. WO2018/157166 (filed on Feb. 27, 2018), the entire content of which isincorporated herein by reference.

As described above, the LEDs 104 may be encapsulated in a waveguidematerial (FIG. 2A) and/or an encapsulant material (FIG. 3B). As aresult, a large portion of the blue light from the LEDs is extractedfrom the LEDs, which in turn causes shifts of the CCT values associatedwith the warm white light and cool white light. For example, referringto FIG. 4C, the color coordinates of the light emitted from the warmwhite LED 104-2 may be shifted from a location 402 (approximately 2700K)to a location 412 (3000K); similarly, the color coordinates of the lightemitted from the cool white LED 104-3 may be shifted from a location 404(approximately 6500K) to a location 414 (8000K). The degree of shiftingmay depend on the material characteristics of the waveguide and/or anencapsulant. It should be noted that because the waveguide materialand/or encapsulant material has no (or at least limited) effect on thecolor coordinates 406 of the red light emitted from the red LED 104-1,there may be no need for applying the photo-luminescent material(s)thereto.

In various embodiments, the color coordinate shifts resulting from thewaveguide and/or encapsulant are at least partially counteracted byusing, for example, one or more photo-luminescent materials (e.g.,phosphor QMK58/F-U2) disposed on the conversion layer(s) 204. In oneembodiment, the photo-luminescent material(s) shifts the CCT value ofthe light emitted from the cool white LED 104-3 toward a green CCT value(e.g., from the location 414 to a location 424) and/or the (Cx, Cy)value of the light emitted from the warm white LED 104-2 toward a yellow(Cx, Cy) value (e.g., from the location 412 to a location 422). As aresult, the color coordinates of the light generated by mixing the coolwhite light, warm white light and red light that have color coordinatesat locations 424, 422, 406, respectively, can be tuned within a newtriangular region 428 formed by the new vertices 424, 422, 406. Invarious embodiments, the CCT value of the mixed light can be tuned alongthe Black Body Curve 410 with a deviation of less than 1.5 SDCM.

It should be noted that the green CCT value and yellow CCT value towardwhich the CCT values of the cool white light and warm white light areshifted do not necessarily correspond to specific CCT values. Rather,referring to FIG. 4D, the green CCT value and yellow CCT value can beany color coordinates located within the green region 432 and yellowregion 434 in the color space. In addition, for purposes hereof, thegreen region 432 includes all color coordinates in the color spacecorresponding to wavelengths between approximately 480 nm andapproximately 550 nm, and the yellow region 434 includes all colorcoordinates in the color space corresponding to wavelengths betweenapproximately 550 nm and approximately 590 nm.

Referring to FIG. 4E, in various embodiments, the CCT value of the mixedlight is adjusted along the BBC with a deviation of less than 1.5 SDCMso as to match or complement the human circadian rhythm. The adjustmentof the CCT value can be achieved by changing the intensity of the lightemitted from one or more of the LEDs 104-1, 104-2, 104-3. For example,when a target CCT value of the mixed light changes from a location 436to a location 438 in the color space, the intensity of the cool whiteLED 104-3 may be reduced, while the intensity of the warm white LED104-2 and/or red LED 104-1 may be increased. In various embodiments, theintensity contribution of the light from each LED negatively correlatesto the distance between the color coordinates of the LED light and thetarget color coordinates in the color space. For example, assuming thetarget color coordinates being at the location 438, because thedistance, d₁, between the color coordinates 422 of the warm white lightand the target color coordinates 438 is smaller than the distance, d₂,between the color coordinates 424 of the cool white light and the targetcolor coordinates 438, the intensity contribution from the warm whitelight may be larger than that from the cool white light. Similarly,because the distance d₂ is smaller than the distance, d₃, between thecolor coordinates 406 of the red light and the target color coordinates438, the intensity contribution from the cool white light may be largerthan that from the red light.

In some embodiments, the control circuitry 112 adjusts the intensity ofthe light emitted from one or more of the LEDs 104-1, 104-2, 104-3 byvarying the amplitude and/or duty cycle of the current and/or voltageassociated therewith. In addition, the control circuitry 112 may includea look-up table that maps particular target CCT values to a set ofintensity ratios for the LEDs within the LED array. Thus, when thecontrol circuitry 112 receives information indicative of a desired CCTvalue, it may access the look-up table to retrieve the correspondingintensity ratios, and, based thereon, adjust the intensities of theLEDs.

Refer now to FIGS. 5A-5C, which illustrate representative configurations5001, 5002 for combining germicidal UV-A light with light in the visiblerange to create white light with a desired CCT value. Although the termUV-A commonly refers to the wavelength region 315-400 nm, for purposesof this specification UV-A refers to the broader wavelength region315-420 nm. In the configuration 5001, LEDs 104-U emitting UV-A lightare grouped with three other LEDs 104-1, 104-2, 104-3. These groupsrepeat in a linear sequence along a PCB 5101. In one embodiment, theLEDs 104-1 are red and the LEDs 104-2 and 104-3 are both blue (althoughthey may be different LED types). In the configuration presented in FIG.5C, two types of LED emitting UV-A light (e.g., at differentwavelengths), 104-U1 and 104-U2, are connected in series together withLEDs 104-1—in the top row, LEDs 104-U1 are used and in the third row,LEDs 104-U2 are used. The alternate (second and fourth) rows consistentirely of a single UV or non-UV LED type. This configuration allowseach row to be driven by a single channel and collectively produceswhite light through the phosphor while also providing UV-A light.

The illustrated linear sequence is only one example of groupings,however; in other implementations, the groupings are spread acrosslinear LED sequences as shown in FIGS. 1C and 1D.

Suitable LEDs are as follows:

104-U1 104-U2 104-3 104-2 104-1 LED LxF3- LHUV-0405- SB1515NS SB1515NSLXZ1-PD02 U390100007001 A070 Peak Wavelength [nm] 395 405 450 450 630Radiant Power [mW] 750 750 900 900 350 Current [mA] 500 500 500 500 500Forward Voltage [V] 3.1 3.1 3 3 2.2 Number of LEDs 8 4 4 8 6

The controller 112 has three output channels A, B, C. Channel A controlsthe blue LEDs, channel B controls the red LEDs, and channel C controlsthe UV-A LEDs. Once again, the control circuitry 112 adjusts theintensity of the light emitted from one or more of the LEDs 104-1,104-2, 104-3, 104-U by varying the amplitude and/or duty cycle of thecurrent and/or voltage associated therewith. In some embodiments, onlythe amplitude and/or duty cycle of the visible-light LEDs 104-1, 104-2,104-3 is controlled; in other embodiments, the amplitude and/or dutycycle of all LEDs is controlled.

In the configuration 5002 shown in FIG. 5B, the UV-A LEDs are deployedon a single printed circuit board (PCB) 515, and the LEDs 104-1, 104-2,104-3 are deployed on an adjacent PCB 520. The lighting system mayinclude a sequence of PCBs 515, 512, e.g., alternating or present indifferent quantities (e.g., two or three PCBs 520 for every PCB 515).

The conversion layers with photo-luminescent materials may be disposedabove some or all of the LEDs, and following conversion, light from allLEDs is mixed in the waveguide as described above. For example, bluelight or UV-A light may interact with phosphor material, and some of itis converted to a different color. The converted light and the remainingbluelight are mixed with the red and UV-A light, and extracted out fromthe waveguide plate to form white light illumination. The red light isused to tune the white light color coordinates to fit the required CCTand to improve CRI values, so it may be necessary to control theamplitude and/or duty cycle only of the red LEDs 104-1. Additional whiteLED at a specific CCT, may be assembled on the PCB to enable TrueTunable White (TTW) functionality—i.e., the ability to tune the CCTalong the black-body curve of white light from deep warm (e.g., 1800K)to far cool (e.g., 6500K) with small deviation, i.e., below 1 Macadamsellipse).

The UV-A light may interact with the photo-luminescent material andincrease the amount of converted light. This will change the CCT of thelight. In this case the intensity of the red light may be increased toshift the color coordinates to fit the required CCT. One option is touse a photo-luminescent material having a very low excitation level atthe UV-A wavelength (e.g., Yttrium Aluminium Oxide:Cerium Y₃Al₅O₁₂:Ce),as shown in FIG. 6. In this case, the photo-luminescent material willconvert less UV-A light to a different color. A second option is to havethe phosphor excitation wavelength include the UV-A wavelength as shownin FIG. 7 (e.g., Yttrium Aluminum Garnet “537 nm”). In this case, thephoto-luminescent material will convert more UV-A light to a differentcolor. In implementations where the UV-A LEDs are connected and driventogether with the blue or the red LEDs when the system is operated toprovide white light, some of the UV-A light will be converted and willchange in CCT. In order to maintain the target CCT, the ratio of the redand blue light may be changed. In order to retain an intense UV-Aemission, it is desirable to choose a wavelength that does not interactmuch with the phosphor material. However, placing the UV-A LEDs in theblue channel will reduces the blue light intensity and therefore theconverted light. In that case it is preferable to use UV-A LEDs thatexhibit greater interaction with the phosphor material in the redchannel together with the red LEDs so their light will collectivelyincrease the amount of converted light while increasing the red:blueratio for maintaining the target CCT.

The LED configurations 500 can be organized into a lighting fixture or“luminaire.” In a “normal” mode of operation, the luminaire can provideconventional white light and germicidal UV-A light. For example, theUV-A emission may be ˜7 W together with the required intensity of whitelight. As shown in FIG. 8, each luminaire may, in some embodiments,provide white light over a wide coverage area but UV-A light over arestricted angular range. FIG. 9 illustrates how this permits a ceilingarrangement 900 of luminaires 910 to illuminate a room-size area 920with white light but focus UV-A energy on a smaller target area 930. Inparticular, the luminaires may operate in a “boost” mode in which thered and UV-A LEDs are active and operated at maximum power, and the blueLEDs are not active; for example, with reference to FIG. 5A, only outputchannels B and C are active. As a result, the UV-A intensity (orirradiance in w/m²) in boost mode may be three times that in normalmode, and may exceed the maximum safe intensity (or irradiance) forhuman exposure. The red light provides a visual indication of danger.Alternatively or in addition, occupancy sensors (such as passiveinfrared (PIR) sensors, ultrasonic sensors, cameras, etc.) maycommunicate with the controller 112, which permits boost-mode operationonly when no personnel are detected in the region 930 or even in theroom 920.

The control circuitry 112 may include or be connected to one or moremodules implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both. Forembodiments in which the functions are provided as one or more softwareprograms, the programs may be written in any of a number of high levellanguages such as PYTHON, FORTRAN, PASCAL, JAVA, C, C++, C#, BASIC,various scripting languages, and/or HTML. Additionally, the software canbe implemented in an assembly language directed to the microprocessorresident on a target computer; for example, the software may beimplemented in Intel 80×86 assembly language if it is configured to runon an IBM PC or PC clone. The software may be embodied on an article ofmanufacture including, but not limited to, a floppy disk, a jump drive,a hard disk, an optical disk, a magnetic tape, a PROM, an EPROM, EEPROM,field-programmable gate array, or CD-ROM. Embodiments using hardwarecircuitry may be implemented using, for example, one or more FPGA, CPLDor ASIC processors.

The terms and expressions employed herein are used as terms andexpressions of description and not of limitation, and there is nointention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding anyequivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof. Inaddition, having described certain embodiments of the invention, it willbe apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodimentsincorporating the concepts disclosed herein may be used withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, thedescribed embodiments are to be considered in all respects as onlyillustrative and not restrictive.

What is claimed is: 1.-24. (canceled)
 25. A lighting device producingvisible light and UV-A radiation, the lighting device comprising: aplurality of UV-A LEDs emitting UV radiation having a wavelength betweenapproximately 315 nm and approximately 420; at least onephoto-luminescent material configured to shift a color correlatedtemperature (CCT) value a portion of the UV radiation emitted by theUV-A LEDs toward a green CCT value and/or a yellow CCT value; and awaveguide material having (i) a mixing region for mixing the shiftedlight and unshifted UV radiation, thereby forming mixed light, and (ii)an output region for outputting the mixed light.
 26. The lighting deviceof claim 25, wherein the UV-A LEDs have an emission peak at 395 nm. 27.The lighting device of claim 25, wherein the at least onephoto-luminescent material comprises at least one of a phosphor, aquantum dot material, or a fluorescent dye.
 28. The lighting device ofclaim 25, wherein the at least one photo-luminescent material has anemission peak between 500 nm and 600 nm.
 29. The lighting device ofclaim 25, wherein the UV-A LEDs are encapsulated within the waveguidematerial.
 30. The lighting device of claim 25, wherein the waveguidematerial comprises silicone.
 31. The lighting device of claim 25,further comprising a plurality of red LEDs emitting red light having awavelength between approximately 600 nm and approximately 670 nm, and/ora plurality of blue LEDs emitting blue light having a wavelength betweenapproximately 440 nm and approximately 485 nm.
 32. The lighting deviceof claim 31, wherein the mixed light comprises white light and UVradiation.
 33. The lighting device of claim 31, wherein the at least onephoto-luminescent material is configured to shift a CCT value of the redLEDs and/or the blue LEDs.
 34. The lighting device of claim 25, furthercomprising control circuitry for adjusting a parameter associated withat least one of the UV-A LEDs.
 35. The lighting device of claim 34,wherein the parameter comprises at least one of an amplitude or a dutycycle of a current or a voltage associated with the UV-A LEDs.
 36. Thelighting device of claim 34, wherein the UV-A LEDs are electricallyconfigured in a plurality of groups, and the control circuitry isconfigured to adjust each of the groups individually.
 37. The lightingdevice of claim 25, further comprising a plurality of cup-shapedreflectors for at least partial collimation of light emitted from theUV-A LEDs, wherein each reflector has a top aperture and a bottomaperture and the bottom aperture has one of the UV-A LEDs disposedtherein.
 38. The lighting device of claim 37, wherein at least one ofthe reflectors is a parabolic reflector, the respective UV-A LEDdisposed therein being located at or near the focus of the parabolicreflector.
 39. The lighting device of claim 37, further comprising anencapsulant material filled in a cavity space above one of the pluralityof UV-A LEDs and surrounded by the respective reflector.
 40. Thelighting device of claim 37, wherein the reflectors comprise or consistessentially of silicone.
 41. The lighting device of claim 25, furthercomprising a circuit board for mounting the UV-A LEDs thereon.
 42. Thelighting device of claim 41, further comprising a heat-dissipationstructure thermally coupled to the circuit board for dissipating heatgenerated by the plurality of UV-A LEDs.
 43. The lighting device ofclaim 25, further comprising at least one reflector located in themixing region of the waveguide for promoting mixing of light.
 44. Thelighting device of claim 25, wherein the at least one photo-luminescentmaterial has an emission spectrum having a local minimum between 350 nmand 400 nm.